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- NEWS ANALYSIS -- 1245 WORDS
-
- EUROPE'S DRUG WAR TARGETS MORE DEADLY MENACE THAN
- NARCOTICS
-
- EDITOR'S NOTE: Flush with victory from the Gulf war, America finds
- itself still very much embroiled in the war that never seems to end, the
- one on drugs. Yet Europe is increasingly going its own way on drug
- policy, spurred by fears of an enemy more deadly than any narcotic:
- AIDS. Its approach, known as "harm reduction," is saving lives. PNS
- correspondent David Beers recently visited European cities that have
- pioneered this approach in recent years. Beers is a senior editor of
- Mother Jones, where his lengthier look at harm reduction appears.
-
- BY DAVID BEERS, PACIFIC NEWS SERVICE
-
- The drug control buzzword in Europe these days is "Harm Reduction,"
- a logic that spurns legalization but also abandons the U.S. metaphor of
- war. Its success is declared by police and health workers alike because it
- draws drug users above ground while keeping in check a far more
- deadly menace than any narcotic -- AIDS transmitted by dirty needles.
-
- In harm reduction embracing Holland, government figures show the
- nation's addict population, smaller per capita than the U.S.'s, is aging
- and not growing. HIV rates among injectors in the big cities levelled
- off at 20 percent three years ago. (In New York the HIV rate among
- junkies is around 60 percent.) In England's Liverpool, a harm
- reduction pioneer hard hit by heroin, that rate is now 1.6 percent.
-
- Harm reduction approaches take sometimes startling shape, as a recent
- visit to The Netherlands and Liverpool revealed:
-
- * Aggressive needle exchange. Backed by a well-endowed national
- health system, 40 Dutch cities have syringe exchange programs.
- Amsterdam alone swaps nearly a million syringes a year through
- clinics and vans that crisscross the city, dispensing the heroin substitute
- methadone, clean needles and AIDS advice. The mobile approach
- reaches skittish users and also defuses citizens' "not in my
- neighborhood" attitudes toward permanent clinics.
-
- In Rotterdam the health department has installed vending machines
- to serve needle users when clinics are closed. Pop a used needle in the
- syringe-shaped slot, and out slides a wrapped, sterile replacement.
-
- In Liverpool, the government-funded needle exchange got started in
- 1986 by swapping bags of used needles with a major dealer. The state
- issues plastic boxes to heavy users and even sellers, so they can
- transport dozens of dirty needles safely back to the clinic, and get more.
-
- * Health centers for on-going addicts. "Drug services in this country
- have been aimed at people who want to stop," says Allan Parry, a
- founder of Liverpool's Maryland Center. "Now, because of AIDS, we
- have to reach drug users who want to carry on. And that means we
- have to change our services to suit their lifestyle." So his health clinic
- sends savvy workers out to find drug users and not only swap needles
- and hand out condoms, but teach them less dangerous ways of
- injecting. The Center first attracts addicts by offering syringes, then
- ends up treating abscesses and other conditions they would rarely have
- revealed to the regular health care system.
-
- *A Junky "Union." The Dutch government pays drug addicts to fight
- for their rights, giving nearly $100,000 a year to the Amsterdam
- Junkybund (Junky Union) ensconced in an old canalside office.
- Headed by non-drug using Rene Mol, addicts press for late-night needle
- exchanges and less police harassment. The Junkybund also advises the
- government on its drug programs and helped work the bugs out of the
- needle vending machine.
-
- * Public places where drug use is allowed. In Rotterdam, Father Hans
- Visser makes a spacious lavatory in the basement of his church
- available to addicts, and refuses to speculate on what goes on in the
- stalls. His logic is that "it is better than doing it out on the streets," and
- gives a chance to reach drug users with treatment and AIDS
- information, as well as religion. Motivated by similar logic,
- Switzerland allows addicts to shoot up openly in a city park.
-
- Holland's famed "coffee shops," where technically illegal cannabis can
- be bought and smoked, are sanctioned refuges because, as Dutch
- officials explain, they "split the market" so that a marijuana buyer
- won't be urged to try more dangerous stuff. Coffee shops caught
- purveying harder drugs, like cocaine or heroin, are promptly shut
- down.
-
- * "Flexible" drug enforcement. Holland's "drug czar" Eddy Engelsman,
- perhaps Europe's leading harm reduction proponent, argues that
- severely criminalizing drug use just drives it underground, making
- health and crime problems worse.
-
- The best approach, says Engelsman, is nuanced, pragmatic, businesslike
- -- zakelyk is the Dutch word for all three rolled into one. Holland's
- drug laws carry stiff penalties for users and sellers, but police and
- judges are given wide latitude in how they are enforced; the official
- goal is that the punishment should never outweigh the harm that
- drug taking itself causes.
-
- The Netherlands inverts the U.S. drug budget ratio, funnelling the
- bulk of its funds into prevention, treatment and research, funding a
- wide range of rehabilitation programs, and a curriculum that teaches
- kids the risks of all intoxicants. For fear of glamorizing illegal drug
- taking's outlaw appeal, "We keep a low profile," says Engelsman. "No
- mass media campaigns. No policemen into the school. No fingers
- pointing, saying you shouldn't do this and that. Reduce the problem,
- control the problem and don't make a moral issue of it."
-
- * Prescribed drugs for addicts. From his bland offices in the town of
- Widness just outside Liverpool, psychiatrist John Marks carries out the
- most controversial of all harm reduction approaches. He writes out
- dozens of prescriptions for heroin, crack-style cocaine and
- amphetamines for local addicts who declare no intention of quitting.
-
- It has been British policy since 1924 that the best way to treat addicts is
- to wean them off drugs, but if that can't be done, to prescribe whatever
- the doctor thinks they need. Marks is one of the few doctors with the
- stomach to prescribe hard stuff, though. He reminds that heroin
- addicts finance their habits by buying more than they need, cutting it
- with "something nice and heavy, like brick dust," pushing that to new
- recruits, thus expanding the industry. Marks asserts that his
- prescriptions have undermined that criminal pyramid scheme.
- "Nobody's going to pay a fortune to gangsters to get rubbish and
- perhaps be threatened, when they can get pure, excellent stuff from me
- for free."
-
- Given a way out of the black market hustle, Marks argues, his clients
- might now be able to imagine a future beyond the next fix, and if that
- leads them to decide they do want to kick, Marks is there to guide them
- into one of many free rehab programs. His willingness to cooperate
- with police -- he turns in patients he knows are committing drug
- crimes -- plus the fact that heroin street sales and drug-related crime
- has dropped in the Widness area, has the powers-that-be on his side,
- says Marks.
-
- While harm reduction methods can set an American's ethical compass
- tumbling, so can the increasingly skewed casualty figures from this
- country's own war on drugs. Although 80 percent of U.S. drug users
- are white, the majority arrested are black. (Drug prosecutions of white
- juveniles actually dropped 15 percent between 1985 and 1988, while
- jumping 88 percent for minority youth.) The U.S. now incarcerates its
- citizens at a higher rate than any other nation, and three quarters of the
- new $10 billion drug war budget continues to go to policing and prisons
- instead of education and treatment. Middle-class cocaine use is down,
- but inner-city crack and heroin use is on the rise and the HIV virus
- spread via dirty needles is today the number one source of AIDS in the
- United States, hitting minority groups especially hard.
-
- Dr. Arnold Trebach, who teaches criminology at American University
- in Washington D.C. and heads the nearby private Drug Policy
- Foundation, argues that it is time this country began experimenting
- with harm reduction techniques, for the simple reason that they save
- more lives. "What the English and Dutch have taught me," he says,
- "is that you can disapprove of drug use, but you don't have to hate
- users."
-
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